Which Allied Power Contributed the Most in Ww2

All Allied Power contributed to making the Nazis power fall by supplied men and fought with honor to defeat the Nazis. Each Country gave something which made them a major contributor in WW2. The Soviet Union lost millions of men each battle. They lost the most soldiers and civilians in WW2. United States was the largest supplier of material. They were the reason allied power had material to fight each battle. Britain gave the most navy support . Their navy contributes to blocking the Germans from supplies and helps destroy the Nazis Navy which had help defeat Germany.Every Country has an extreme amount of dedication and support to help the Allied power conquer the Nazis but in my Opinion the Soviet Union made the biggest contribution to winning WW2. In WW2 over 23 million Soviet military & civilians were killed. The Battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in human history, Over 1. 5 million Russian solider and civilians died. The United States and The United Kingdom deadâ€℠¢s combined does not reach a million . United kingdom lost over 450,900 people and United States lost 418,500. Together they lost approximately 869,400 people.I am not saying United States and United Kingdom deaths weren’t important as Soviet Union deaths. Every death deserve honor. I just believe Soviet Union have up a massive amount of its people in WW2. Soviet Union was a big country; it had a population168, 524,000 in 1939. United States had a population of 131,028,000. United Kingdom had a population of 47,760,000. Russian lost 14. 2% of its population in WW2. You may say that not a lot but think of it this way 23,000,000 out of 168,524,000 people. That includes soldiers and civilians.You might still say that not a lot well let try this. The United States lost 418,500 people in WW2 out of 131, 028,000. That is approximately half of a million people the United States lost in the war. That is . 32 of United States population. United Kingdom lost 450,900 out of 47,760,000. that is . 94 % of the United Kingdom population. That is also another half of million people the United Kingdom lost in the world together that makes a million. Now how a million lives for 2 countries compare to 23 million lives lost one country.Think of it this way million out of 23 million, a million is 0. 04 of 23 million. A million is not even a full percent to compare to the massive loss of 23 million people. I believe everyone on the Allied Side deserve Glory for they all contribute to the defeat of Nazi army , but I believe Soviet Union gave the biggest contribution for the Allies Power . If Soviet Union solider and people didn’t sacrifice their lives and fight to defeat the Nazi, It could have been a totally different war that could of lead to a billions more deaths all over the world.

Poca Snack

POCA SNACK – PEPSI CO Pepsi Co, established about 100 years ago, is the owner of the Poca brand and one of the largest companies in the world, having a significant variety of carbonated, non-carbonated beverages, salty sweet and gain-based snack and other food which are available in more than 200 countries. PepsiCo Vietnam was established in 1991 (IBC) under the form of a joint-venture company, and became owned wholly by foreign businessmen in 2000, with a great many investments and supports from PepsiCo Global.Along with the success of Lay’s snack brand name all over the world, PepsiCo is on the way to build a new snack brand, Poca, with a view to becoming popularly recognized in not only Vietnam but also overseas markets in the long run. Although Poca brand has been established in Vietnam nearly for four years, it is ranking now in the top three leading snack companies (The Market Newspaper 2008). Until now, Poca has 20 flavors with various package sizes from 10 to 60 g. Although Poca brand is now very popular and has had a large market share in the market for snack they still have some limitations.Firstly, as being a comparatively new entrant with recently launched products, Poca has to compete with a great number of big and long-standing well-known opponents, such as Oishi, Pringles, Kinh Do. Almost Vietnamese customers are used to those famous brands so they do not care much about Pepsi Co snack – Poca. Secondly, most people think that snack is unhealthy food. Therefore, many parents do not allow their child to eat snacks. Moreover, Poca also contain small amounts of cholesterol, animal fat, sodium which are well-known as unhealthy substances.Last but not least, natural factors such as water, soil or weather play a very important role in growing potatoes and wheat, so if there are some changes on one of them, it could effect to the productivity of the whole industry. In addition, each year Vietnam often face with many disasters such as storms or typhoons. Therefore, Poca sometimes faces shortage of main raw material and it leads to large amount of backlogs. There are some suggestions to deal with Poca brand’s limitations.Poca brand should intensify the natural nutrition such as anti-inflammatory, omega 3, aliphatic acid, and oleocanthal and minimize the unhealthy ingredients like cholesterol, animal fat, sodium and artificial substances. Besides, they can change the packing materials from plastics into Bio-Plastics packages – which automatically disintegrate into carbon dioxide, water, and biological substances under the natural condition. It will encourage people to buy Poca instead of other snack brand to protect the environment.Moreover, the whole industry has to be aware about the weather in Vietnam in order to avoid shortage of main raw material. They should have careful planning and well weather prediction. Furthermore, there should be more promotions to attract the customers. For example, the company sometimes holds parties or concerts with the performance of the brand’s representatives – famous stars, they can give out some discount programs to attract more consumers. Additionally, the company should increase more flavors for recent products.They should give out the surveys among their target customers to determine the favorite flavors for the upcoming products. As Poca develops new competitive and unique flavors, it can compete with other famous competitors such as Kinh Do Barkery or Bibica. INTRODUCTION . Saigon Cosmetics Corporation (SCC) is officially established in 01/01/1987 and became a share holding company in 01/01/2000. The company specializes in manufacturing and distributing perfume. Besides, the company also produces shampoo, shower gel and soap.Before 1990, the market of SCC is only local. In 1990, the first foreign markets were the Soviet Union and the Eastern European Bloc countries. Since then, the business has developed greatly, and now b een it is aiming for international markets such as the US and UK. In addition, the company completed and put into use a new factory of 18ha area at Cat Lai Industry zone, District 2, HCMC in 2004. , Miss Saigon Elegance is a high quality product of the company which has a unique shape of a Vietnamese girl wearing an â€Å"Ao dai† and a conical hat.Since the year 2007, SCC has started investing in new stores to sell its products. At present, SCC has 13 stores in all over Vietnam. Many of the stores are located in big department stores/supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City – the most developed city of Vietnam. Moreover, there is a showroom in Phu My Hung – a new and wealthy district in HCMC. Besides, SCC products are also sold at other general retail shops. * The company aims to build its brand into a internationally competitive one, make it to the world-class level.This will face with tremendous difficulties as there are top brands in the world that has perfume produc t; e. g: Calvin Klein, Chanel, Cartier, Hugo Boss, Giorgio Armani, etc. Products at medium cost may make the customer wonder about the quality of the products as comparing to other brands of perfume. Vietnamese customers are in favor with foreign brands rather than the local brands. Perfume in general is luxury product, which are usually sold at high price. * To provide customers with high-quality products, the company imports materials from French.Moreover, the company is in associate with Liz Claiborne cosmetics for manufacturing technology and quality assurance counseling. Most of the materials for the products are imported. This results in import tax and transportation cost that cut down on the company’s profit. Access to raw materials is limited There are counterfeit products of Miss Saigon Elegance perfume that have been found in some South East Asian countries. This threatens to take over part of the company’s profit and harm the customers’ health and the refore, damage the brand image. Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. ST strategies * Mass invest in promotion to get customers’ attention and increase sales. * Build up a good system to communicate with customers to keep them and attract new customers as well. | WT strategies * Diversify products to set different prices for different target customers. Try to promote the products in more areas with attractive advertisements. | SO strategies * Develop the company’s website for customers to be able to buy product online. * Research the market in Vietnam as well as foreign markets to improve the quality of the products to meet customers’ satisfaction. | WO strategies * Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. * Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. * Invest more in promotion for our products and try to have more customers from not only the market in Vietnam but also in other countries. * Maintain the relationship with the customers by building a good membership system which allows discount to customers who have silver and gold membership card. * Product Mix Pricing Strategies: SCC has many kinds of products which has different appropriate prices for the customers. The products range from average quality product to high quality product.This means that the company is using product line pricing to set different prices based on the different quality of the products * Price-Adjustment Strategies: * Psychological Pricing: because customers tend to judge a product’s quality based on the price – higher price means better quality – so we set a fairly high price that is compatible with the value of the products. * Product-bundle pricing: the product line of Miss Saigo n Elegance contains two kinds of fragrance: N1 and N2. When buying both fragrances, instead of paying 500,000VND, customers will have to pay 450,000 only.We suggest other bundles, for example, when buying a bottle of Miss Saigon Elegance (250,000VND) and Miss Vietnam (180,000VND), customers only have to pay 399,000VND instead of 430,000VND. * the company should have salespeople to push its products to the customers. With this strategy, word-of-mouth can be excellent in helping people recognize and remember the products as well as the company. * On occasions like Christmas Eve, Women’s Day, New Year, Company birthday etc. customers can have a small extra 5ml bottle of Cindy perfume when buying a 75ml Miss Saigon Elegance or 20% discount on all product. Poca Snack POCA SNACK – PEPSI CO Pepsi Co, established about 100 years ago, is the owner of the Poca brand and one of the largest companies in the world, having a significant variety of carbonated, non-carbonated beverages, salty sweet and gain-based snack and other food which are available in more than 200 countries. PepsiCo Vietnam was established in 1991 (IBC) under the form of a joint-venture company, and became owned wholly by foreign businessmen in 2000, with a great many investments and supports from PepsiCo Global.Along with the success of Lay’s snack brand name all over the world, PepsiCo is on the way to build a new snack brand, Poca, with a view to becoming popularly recognized in not only Vietnam but also overseas markets in the long run. Although Poca brand has been established in Vietnam nearly for four years, it is ranking now in the top three leading snack companies (The Market Newspaper 2008). Until now, Poca has 20 flavors with various package sizes from 10 to 60 g. Although Poca brand is now very popular and has had a large market share in the market for snack they still have some limitations.Firstly, as being a comparatively new entrant with recently launched products, Poca has to compete with a great number of big and long-standing well-known opponents, such as Oishi, Pringles, Kinh Do. Almost Vietnamese customers are used to those famous brands so they do not care much about Pepsi Co snack – Poca. Secondly, most people think that snack is unhealthy food. Therefore, many parents do not allow their child to eat snacks. Moreover, Poca also contain small amounts of cholesterol, animal fat, sodium which are well-known as unhealthy substances.Last but not least, natural factors such as water, soil or weather play a very important role in growing potatoes and wheat, so if there are some changes on one of them, it could effect to the productivity of the whole industry. In addition, each year Vietnam often face with many disasters such as storms or typhoons. Therefore, Poca sometimes faces shortage of main raw material and it leads to large amount of backlogs. There are some suggestions to deal with Poca brand’s limitations.Poca brand should intensify the natural nutrition such as anti-inflammatory, omega 3, aliphatic acid, and oleocanthal and minimize the unhealthy ingredients like cholesterol, animal fat, sodium and artificial substances. Besides, they can change the packing materials from plastics into Bio-Plastics packages – which automatically disintegrate into carbon dioxide, water, and biological substances under the natural condition. It will encourage people to buy Poca instead of other snack brand to protect the environment.Moreover, the whole industry has to be aware about the weather in Vietnam in order to avoid shortage of main raw material. They should have careful planning and well weather prediction. Furthermore, there should be more promotions to attract the customers. For example, the company sometimes holds parties or concerts with the performance of the brand’s representatives – famous stars, they can give out some discount programs to attract more consumers. Additionally, the company should increase more flavors for recent products.They should give out the surveys among their target customers to determine the favorite flavors for the upcoming products. As Poca develops new competitive and unique flavors, it can compete with other famous competitors such as Kinh Do Barkery or Bibica. INTRODUCTION . Saigon Cosmetics Corporation (SCC) is officially established in 01/01/1987 and became a share holding company in 01/01/2000. The company specializes in manufacturing and distributing perfume. Besides, the company also produces shampoo, shower gel and soap.Before 1990, the market of SCC is only local. In 1990, the first foreign markets were the Soviet Union and the Eastern European Bloc countries. Since then, the business has developed greatly, and now b een it is aiming for international markets such as the US and UK. In addition, the company completed and put into use a new factory of 18ha area at Cat Lai Industry zone, District 2, HCMC in 2004. , Miss Saigon Elegance is a high quality product of the company which has a unique shape of a Vietnamese girl wearing an â€Å"Ao dai† and a conical hat.Since the year 2007, SCC has started investing in new stores to sell its products. At present, SCC has 13 stores in all over Vietnam. Many of the stores are located in big department stores/supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City – the most developed city of Vietnam. Moreover, there is a showroom in Phu My Hung – a new and wealthy district in HCMC. Besides, SCC products are also sold at other general retail shops. * The company aims to build its brand into a internationally competitive one, make it to the world-class level.This will face with tremendous difficulties as there are top brands in the world that has perfume produc t; e. g: Calvin Klein, Chanel, Cartier, Hugo Boss, Giorgio Armani, etc. Products at medium cost may make the customer wonder about the quality of the products as comparing to other brands of perfume. Vietnamese customers are in favor with foreign brands rather than the local brands. Perfume in general is luxury product, which are usually sold at high price. * To provide customers with high-quality products, the company imports materials from French.Moreover, the company is in associate with Liz Claiborne cosmetics for manufacturing technology and quality assurance counseling. Most of the materials for the products are imported. This results in import tax and transportation cost that cut down on the company’s profit. Access to raw materials is limited There are counterfeit products of Miss Saigon Elegance perfume that have been found in some South East Asian countries. This threatens to take over part of the company’s profit and harm the customers’ health and the refore, damage the brand image. Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. ST strategies * Mass invest in promotion to get customers’ attention and increase sales. * Build up a good system to communicate with customers to keep them and attract new customers as well. | WT strategies * Diversify products to set different prices for different target customers. Try to promote the products in more areas with attractive advertisements. | SO strategies * Develop the company’s website for customers to be able to buy product online. * Research the market in Vietnam as well as foreign markets to improve the quality of the products to meet customers’ satisfaction. | WO strategies * Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. * Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. * Invest more in promotion for our products and try to have more customers from not only the market in Vietnam but also in other countries. * Maintain the relationship with the customers by building a good membership system which allows discount to customers who have silver and gold membership card. * Product Mix Pricing Strategies: SCC has many kinds of products which has different appropriate prices for the customers. The products range from average quality product to high quality product.This means that the company is using product line pricing to set different prices based on the different quality of the products * Price-Adjustment Strategies: * Psychological Pricing: because customers tend to judge a product’s quality based on the price – higher price means better quality – so we set a fairly high price that is compatible with the value of the products. * Product-bundle pricing: the product line of Miss Saigo n Elegance contains two kinds of fragrance: N1 and N2. When buying both fragrances, instead of paying 500,000VND, customers will have to pay 450,000 only.We suggest other bundles, for example, when buying a bottle of Miss Saigon Elegance (250,000VND) and Miss Vietnam (180,000VND), customers only have to pay 399,000VND instead of 430,000VND. * the company should have salespeople to push its products to the customers. With this strategy, word-of-mouth can be excellent in helping people recognize and remember the products as well as the company. * On occasions like Christmas Eve, Women’s Day, New Year, Company birthday etc. customers can have a small extra 5ml bottle of Cindy perfume when buying a 75ml Miss Saigon Elegance or 20% discount on all product.

Agricultural Contributions of George Washington Carver in US

George Washington Carver was born a slave in Diamond Grove, Missouri. As a small child Carver was rescued from a band of Confederate kidnappers. From early on Carver was determined to get himself an education. Carver began his schooling in Newton Country, and while attending school he also worked very hard as a farm hand. While working and studying Carver lived in a one-room schoolhouse, and as time went on he excelled as sought out for higher education. Because of his race Carver was denied on attending Highland University. In 1887 Carver got excepted to Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa. Carver made many outstanding contributions to the agricultural world and also on America it†s self. Carver changed the face of Agriculture in the south with his crop rotation methods. Carver discovered through research and trail and error ways to help soil stay fertile. Through this discovery the nutrients would stay in the ground, and crops could be planted on the same soil year after year. Carver discovered that planting peanut one year then the next planting cotton would keep the soil fertial for the following year. The peanuts contained nitrate-producing legumes, and the cotton took all the nutrients from the soil, so the soil was fresh each planting season. The farmer took his peanuts and used them as a source of food for their livestock. Carver did not over look the peanuts as just food for animals, and found over 325 ways to use the peanuts for other reasons than food. He used peanuts to make peanut butter, cooking oil, printer ink, and many more useful applications for the peanut. Carver being the introvator that he was also found many ways for the pecan and sweet potato to help the soil. Carver developed many synthetic products that could be used by all people and not too hard to make. Carver developed adhesives, bleach, cheese, instant coffee, syntheic rubber, and Worcestershire souce just to name a few. Carver†s crop rotation method did change American agirculture forever. What Carver found out through study helped America today become the world†s top producing nation of agricultural goods. Carver also did not just change agriculture for America, but also changed the way that people looked at the African American. Carver received many awards and prizes during his lifetime, but he always gave the credit to the lord.

McDonald Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McDonald - Research Paper Example McDonald’s is popular for its Big Mac Burger, Fries, several soft drinks and different fast food items. The company believes in serving the food of supreme quality with value added customer service. The business operation of McDonald’s reflects in their mission and vision statement. They kept promises by serving quality food product in order to satisfy customers. People of present era choose McDonald’s outlet for dine out in order to attend several corporate meeting, family and friends get together, celebrating birthday parties and many other reasons (Schroff & Tresnowski, 2012). McDonald’s is not only the leader of US but they have successfully dominating the global fast food industry. Brand extension is one of the important marketing strategies which helps the organization to increase their customer base and can impact on the business performance of the particular company. The brand extension or the product line extension strategy of McDonald’s may recognize the negative impact of the McDonalds’ happy meal and restrain child obesity through product line extension. The brand extension strategy of McDonald’s may feature the CSR activity in order to promote healthy fast food for children. Fast food is the junk food that increases the fat and calorie level of human body. Moreover, the consumption of fast food results children obesity. These issues affected on the business performance of McDonald’s in US. American Dietetic Association, Food and Drug administration, centre for science in the public interest, Harvard school of public health and the physicians committee for responsible medicine has opposed the marketing strategies of McDonald’s. Moreover, the government restricted the television promotion of the newly launched food products targeting the kids. The research work mainly focused on the key turning points in order to develop the problem statements

United States 9-1-1 emergency service Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

United States 9-1-1 emergency service - Thesis Example The location where an E9-1-1 operator works is called the â€Å"Public Safety Answering Point† (PSAP) which are distributed across the length and breadth of the country and take action for every emergency call. Not all PSAps are equipped with wireless and wire- line systems. In fact, many of the PSAPs have to make use of more advanced technology in order to meet all emergencies. All the PSAPs work in tandem with the local telephone company who has a database of all the numbers and addresses in that jurisdiction. This is a two- way system that works through special 9- 1- 1 Selective Routers. The use of mobile phones while dialing 911 in the United States posed a problem because the call was first directed to the state police on highway patrol who would then pass on the details to the right PSAPs, but now with the cellular boom it is difficult to gauge the right location from where the call had been made. According to the FCC rules in the U.S. every telephone in the vicinity of the 9-1-1 network should be able to have access to it, even in the event of it being disconnected for any reason. In the case of VoIP service, if such phones dial the 9 – 1 – 1, it would go to their billing address only and not the desired location because such phones are only used indoors. Therefore, the FCC issued orders that all VoIP providers should provide the 9 – 1 -1 services to their clients in May 2005. However, in this age of advanced Internet communications, the issue of getting the right response and emergency services to the right location still poses some problems and the 9 -1 -1 personnel seem to be more busy than ever attending to emergencies. The government however is trying its best to still improve pockets in the emergency services. The FBI have contributed to this by making a listing of all the law – enforcement agencies of the United States in an on- line directory

American old film class Cabin in the Sky and The Wizard of Oz Essay

American old film class Cabin in the Sky and The Wizard of Oz - Essay Example The sets are lavish, costumes bizarre, colours psychedelic and the music is loud and active. Two very good visual sequences are the foreboding interior of the Wizards castle and the swooping swarm of the Wicked Witchs minions resembling flying monkeys. The wicked witch threatens Dorothy. The Wizard of Oz is a true predecessor of most modern Hollywood movies, and perhaps the single most influential movie of the twentieth century. Its reputation of being a classic is well deserved. This movie was released during the Great Depression. The faith in human nature expressed in The Wizard of Oz served as an affirmation to movie going audiences in 1939. The Wizard of Oz is one of the most enduring stories in American popular culture, the themes and images from this story are a part of everyday experience and the songs "Somewhere Over the Rainbow," "Follow the Yellow Brick Road" and "If I Only Had a Brain," are instantly recognizable. The Wizard of Oz is about the great American myth of self-actualization, the allegorical search for courage, intelligence and heart. The message of the film is that all of these things lie within one and all that is needed is to recognize them and that despite the magical and amazingly colourful world that we live in, there is no place like home and ones family. It could also be construed to be a film about the disillusionment with politics as the great and celebrated leader turns out to be a charlatan, while all that is needed to get by is the simple basic tools within held by the masses of the world. The 1943 musical "Cabin in the Sky", resembles a standard MGM musical rather than a black-music musical. "Little Joe" Jackson (Eddie" Rochester" Anderson) drifts from his devout and devoted wife Petunia (Ethel Waters), to Georgia Brown (Lena Horne). He is shot by Domino Johnson (John W. Sublett), a gambler. Little Joes soul leaves the body and Lucifer, Jr. (Rex

Online Teaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Teaching - Assignment Example It is also directly tied to their inability to pick up auditory social cues. This can result in a deaf person becoming generally irritable. WHO says "Children with hearing impairment often experience delayed development of speech, language and cognitive skills, which may result in slow learning and difficulty progressing in school".(1) A serious problem has been the long-term sustainability of our work. While it may be useful in the short term to inject manpower, money and technology into a program to aid the disabled, the work must be sustained particularly by the organization being assisted. Therefore, we have come to realize that technologists and disability workers have to work closely and cooperatively to effect a lasting change. Trust and mutual support must be present. But the effort will be sustainable if those numbered among the disabled are enabled to provide self-help for their fellow members. By their examples, other disabled will be motivated to emulate their success. The hearing impairment is spread thought the world. "According to 2005 estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 278 million people worldwide have moderate to profound hearing loss in both ears."(2) I believe developing software for hearing impaired children is the best idea. ... Trust and mutual support must be present. But the effort will be sustainable if those numbered among the disabled are enabled to provide self-help for their fellow members. By their examples, other disabled will be motivated to emulate their success. Background The hearing impairment is spread thought the world. "According to 2005 estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 278 million people worldwide have moderate to profound hearing loss in both ears."(2) As I. King Jordan (Former President of Gallaudet University) has said "Deaf people can do anything, except hear."- (3) So I believe that hearing impaired children can be merged with our society. I believe developing software for hearing impaired children is the best idea. Animated tutors can be programmed to be patient with learners and never become angry, tired or bored. Applications with animated tutors perceived as supportive and likeable will engage foreign language and ESL learners, reading impaired, autistic and other children with special needs in face-to-face computerized lessons. One of this software is named Badli. "Information technology (IT) research has created a 3D computerized tutor that helps profoundly deaf children to develop their conversational skills. Baldi" the animated instructor converses via the latest technologies for speech recognition and generation, showing students how to understand and produce spoken language."(4) This system is so accurate that several schools are successfully using Baldi in the classroom to teach speech, reading and other language skills to children with hearing loss, autism, and dyslexia. The potential application of Baldi to other markets such as the educational publishing, foreign language and English as a Second Language ("ESL") markets is

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) Essay

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) - Essay Example The fifth tip is to practice the art of paraphrasing. The sixth tip is to carefully watch for and observe the demonstration of feelings from the other party. Finally, do not be afraid to ask questions for clarification (Lewis and Graham, 2003). In order to conduct a more productive and effective meeting, those in charge absolutely must stay focused on the subject at hand. EffectiveMeetings.com offers six objective tips for conducting more effective meetings. They include not meeting if the information can be exchanged through a memo or similar method, having a predetermined list of objectives for each meeting, having a predetermined agenda for each meeting, having action plans for items discussed in the meeting, and reviewing the process of each meeting at the end in order to determine how effective it was (EffectiveMeetings.com, 2008). Project reports are a useful tool that can be used for various different reasons. There are many different sets of guidelines that are available for one to follow when writing a report for any type of project, but most of them carry the same basic advice. First of all, data should be processed and placed directly into the report. Second, the audience should be determined and the report should be worded in such a manner that it addresses that audience. Third, examples and templates can be extremely helpful in deciding upon report formatting. Fourth, reports should follow a detailed layout plan. Fifth, explanations should be clear and logical. Sixth, points should be easy to understand and well-supported. Seventh, the readers’ attention should be kept throughout. It is also important that back-up reports be kept in a safe place and that a draft is provided to the project supervisor for review (University College London, 2008). Lewis, T.D. and G. Graham. (2003). 7 tips for effective listening: Productive listening does not occur naturally. It requires hard work and practice. Internal Auditor. Retrieved April 24,

The body as artistic and cultural expression Research Paper

The body as artistic and cultural expression - Research Paper Example From the extreme examples like punk, to being selective in the colour or design of the dress one wears- body art has supposedly normal and not so normal manifestations. Shildkrout (2001) in the article, Body Art as Visual Language, has revealed the primal impulse behind the use of body as an artistic and cultural expression, â€Å"if the impulse to create art is one of the defining signs of humanity, the body may well have been the first canvas† (pp.1). Body painting, make up, body shaping, hair styling, scarification, tattooing, piercing, and dressing up in clothes constitute the expansive genre of body art. The functional aspect of body art has been described as supporting â€Å"to rebel, to follow fashion, or to play and experiment with new identities† (Shildkrout, 2001, pp.2). Apart from this functional aspect, the use of body as a starting point in artistic expression has gone rather unexplored. This essay envisages finding out the connection between body art and a rtistic expression and presupposes that the rebellion-aspect of body art inspires artistic expressions while the tradition-aspect blocks it. If we consider each kind of body art separately, it can be seen that different meanings are associated with different kinds of body art. For example, body painting can enhance the beauty, impart a divine countenance, provide protection, masquerade and establish a group identity. Similarly, make up has the function of increasing visual appeal, providing a false identity or concealing the original one, as well as establishing authority and status. Hair styling also can enhance beauty appeal, establish a group identity or visualize rebellion. Body shaping ranges from the primitive practice of skull shaping to the modern plastic surgery, all of which again has multiple functionalities. Scarification, tattooing and piercing have more to do with group identity and rebellion. But there are also less visible uses of body art like the use of piercing as a religious ritual and the use of make up to convey codified meaning as in Kabuki theatre (Shildkrout, 2001, pp.2-4). Body art has a great many things to do with our everyday lives and it is this aspect that brightens up the narrative of Meeta Kaur in her autobiographical essay, Journey By Inner Light (2006). Here, the basic emotions associated with body art are discussed, which is after all about being happy and content about one’s own self. Kaur (2006) has started her essay by describing the beauty of her mother’s hair, the good care that her mother gives it and the passing over of this tradition to herself (pp.39). This is a clear example of how artistic expression is evident in our everyday lives. As the narrative progresses, the reader become aware of the cultural identity that is associated with long hair, for Kaur’s mother and herself (2006, pp.40). Kaur’s being a migrant family from India to America, she believes that her mother’s long hai r is â€Å"an allegiance to a homeland† (2006, pp.40). Kaur (2006) also has remarked that her mother’s hair â€Å" is a light that provides a sense of place and home between any borders, on any soil, whether she is in India, America, or any other country† (pp.40). It can be seen that in this instance, body art as simple as maintaining one’s hair long has a meaning that is deep-rooted in tradition. The second encounter of Kaur (2006) with body art is when she goes back to India, and in a comic book, sees the picture of â€Å"the ninth Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, [†¦] (in) a navy blue turban and a golden robe and [†¦] (having) a long silky beard† talking about religious freedom (pp.41). This visual also reminds how body art can impart great status to a person’s appearance. The â€Å"

Failure of Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Failure of Shareholder Value - Essay Example The present research has identified that despite its perceived role in stimulating business growth, shareholder value remains contentious in out-of-business quarters. Whereas the corporate executives’ penchant for maximizing the share price lacks any historical or legal basis, the refusal of shareholder value in a business organization may as well spell the end of the company’s operations. Regardless of the reasoning, Cole, Sturgess, and Brown have argued that there is no empirical evidence linking corporate focus on shareholder value to an improvement of the status of the economy and or the society. Shareholder value is said to have begun in the second half of the 20th century as an imperative control for managerial  excesses, but over the history, it has turned into a skewed, self-interested doctrine preferred by economists, finance managers, and over-paid corporate managers. According to Roth the supremacy of shareholder value has not yet been codified in law as th e most important priority of the corporate world. In most markets, business organizations can be established for any legitimate purpose. In fact, there is no corporate charter that supports the need to maximize profits or share value. Equally missing in law is the need for executives and company directors to be indebted to shareholders under special conditions. The executives owe a fiduciary responsibility to the business organization, which is an amalgamation of different stakeholders. The only exception is that shareholders are legally entitled to the corporation’s residual value upon the organization’s fulfillment of its other duties. Notably, company directors still have sweeping powers over the residual value, provided they are not channeling the money to their own pockets.

Three different Venues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Maya Angelou Essay As a woman you are created with a special gift, it’s like little extra ingredients that all women have within them. The poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou, she speaks about the elegance of a woman, her inner being the way she glow without saying a word Maya expressed how men are amazed by her presence â€Å"men themselves have wondered what they see in me† (line 31-32). It’s hard to put your finger on it all women were born with the power. In the poem â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou she described the struggles of life trials and tribulations you face in society and the way people may judge you. As if she was writing about a woman â€Å"does my sassiness upset you? †She also wrote in another stanza â€Å"does my sexiness upset you? †She used this comparison to show she is a sexy woman who demands respect. Maya’s attitude in this poem is portraying a confident black African American woman. She is really laughing at men challenging them. They cannot stop her from rising above all expectation. This poem gives you not only inspiration encouragement to be fearless; to the end of it all you must believe you still rise above it all. The title gives a sense of entity and power. This masterpiece the poem â€Å"phenomenal woman† has also empowered women to get more in touch with their inner beauty. Maya describes in great detail the mystery of women and the behavior of men and their reaction. It shows women to not only love your-self but to embrace every aspect of your mind, body and soul. Maya show that sexuality isn’t only related to outer beauty, or by the way you dress it more about how you feel within your own skin . she shows you instead of hating your body love it from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet. In society today women enhances their body by doing plastic surgery to feel accepted. She feels inferior clearly stating that every part of a woman is beauty. In comparisons to â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I Rise† both poems Maya speaks about not bowing to the â€Å"oppressor†. You can feel her compassion in every word in Phenomenal Woman â€Å"now you understand why my head’s not bowed† (lines 47). Still I Rise forth stanza â€Å"with head bowed and eyes lowered? †Within these lines she stresses that she will not conform to what society made her out to be, that she will soar above and beyond everyone expectations. The little gives a sense of entity and power. In conclusion these two poems have few similarities; Maya characterized the strength of an African American woman. By using powerful words she described the emotional aspect of inner beauty, standing proud professing no one will ever bring her down not by the color of her skin nor the fact of being a woman that there’s more within.

Devadasi System in India

Devadasi System in India Commonly known as dancing girls or temple girls is a system that has come in to existence for more than thousand years. When the great tamil kings belonging to the erstwhile Chola, Chera and Pandya Kings built huge temples for their gods, they felt that there is a need to maintain these temples in a proper way and thus need full time devotees to take care of the diety and the temple premises. One other angle given to constructing Huge temples are to protect the people from flood, cyclone or any other natural disaster. In other words, temples are meant to be shelter for the people of that area from natural disasters. Hence they appointed girls to maintain these temples. The main function of these girls are to sing and performing dances and taking care of the diety. They are considered to be the wives of the gods in the temple in which they are appointed. They are not allowed to marry any mortal man during their life time. These girls are held in High esteem as they are considered to b e close confident of the god. The dance which they perform is famously known as Barathanatyam the most famous dance form of South India. This practice of dedicating girls to deities are commonly known as Devadasi System and the girls thus dedicated are known as Devadasi which is a Sanskrit word or Thevaradiyar which is a Tamil word that literally means female slaves of the god. As mentioned above these Devadasi are expected to be experts in Music and Dance. As years passed their service shifted from gods to earthly gods and lords . They are forced to do service not only to the deities, but also to the landlords and rich devotees of the deities. In short, they started living the life of a prostitute with religious sanction and customary backing. Initially this system was prevalent only among the upper caste Hindus particularly of the Brahmin community . The British colonization of India brought major change in the religious and cultural fabric of India. The upper caste Brahmins occupied major positions in British rule and were able to recognize the dance performed by Devadasi as Bharatanatyam and were able to give a cultural supremacy for this form of dance, thus bringing out devadasiss to main stream of life. However, the Brahminical Hindu Religion which is known for its Caste imbalances and discrimination against the lower caste sowed the seeds of the system into economically, politically and socially disadvantaged lower caste Dalit Hindus. This system started spreading its tentacles to other parts of the country in different forms and names such as Bogams in Andhra Pradesh, Jogatis or Basavis in Karnataka, Thevaradiyar in Tamil Nadu, Muralis in Maharashtra, Maharis in Kerala. Dalits dedicated their girls to the Diety mainly because of two reasons one is because of the superstitious belief that it will bring glory to their family and their village, the other one is the economical reason that it is very difficult for the parents to marry of their daughter because of the prevalent dowry system and also if they dedicate the girl to the Diety, their family will be taken care of by the village rich man to whom the girl do the sexual favours in the name of the Diety. Over a period of time, this practice has represented a clear violation of Human Rights with these Dalit Devadasis were dedicated with a hidden object of performing sexual favours to initially upper caste Hindus and then they become a public property forcing them to enter prostitution. They are also not allowed to marry any man of their choice and often fell a prey into the hands of Broker agents representing brothels from Mumbai and other areas. Several movements India is a party to a number of Human Rights Instruments like that of International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights 1966, The International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966, The International Convention for the Elimination of All forms of racial Discrimination 1966 which advocates for among others, equal rights for women and prohibits racial discrimination in any count. Added to that provincial states in India has enacted legislation like The Bombay Devadasi Act 1934, The Devadasi(Prevention of Dedication) Madras Act 1947; The Karnataka Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act, 1982 to tackle this menace of Devadasi System. Irrespective of this, it is widely reported that this system prevails in some parts of India particularly among the Dalit community. This paper attempts to find out the root causes of the system and the reason why this system is still prevalent in India. Accordingly, this paper is divided into four parts, the ongoing is the first part that introduces the topic, Part II deals with the History and Origin of Devadasi System, Part III deals with the Social movements that fought against the Devadasi system, Part IV analyses Indias obligation to eradicate the system in line with the international obligation which it assumed through various treaties and finally part IV concludes with recommendations to eradicate the same. DEVADASI SYSTEM AND VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: STATUS OF INDIAS LEGAL OBLIGATION Devadasis could face discrimination on three counts viz as a woman, as a Dalit and sometimes as a child. International community has time and again tried to address the issue by way of multilateral Conventions/Treaties making member states to eliminate these kind of discriminations. Accordingly a number of International Instruments are made at the international level to address these menace which includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant for Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Convention for Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimintion against Women (CEDAW). One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve international co-operation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of this purpose. Art 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Art 2 further bestows rights upon individuals without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Similarly Art of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights 1966, prohibits discrimination of any kind including discrimination based on social origin . Art 2(1) of ICCPR mandates the state parties to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present covenant. Art 2(2) requires the state parties to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights As mentioned above, India is a founding member of these Conventions. However India has not till date enacted any enabling legislation to implement the same in the domestic sphere. Without an implementing legislation Indian courts may not be able to enforce the provision of these treaties in the domestic realms. Needless to say, Treaties are considered to be the main source of international law. When it comes to human rights, treaties play an important role. Human rights treaties have contributed to the development of customary rules and general principles of international law. They create obligations not only among parties but also between parties and individuals. More important, these treaties have become a source of inspiration to many judges and lawyers in their interpretation of domestic legislation. Some international organizations grant their membership only to those states, which. ratify certain human rights treaties. The ratification of human rights treaties demonstrates the ratifying states adherence to civilised standards. As a result, a states credentials in international society depend in part a1 least on the acceptance of and compliance with its obligations under human rights treaties. Thus the ratification of Human Rights treaties by India may be seen as an act to outshow the world that it is a civilized nation thus avoiding isolation in international Human Rights diplomacy. But the non-enactment of a domestic enabling legislation alone cannot be considered as failure on the part of the member state to fulfill the international obligation which it assumed by way of treaty. A state may not go for the enactment of domestic legislation if it is satisfied with its existing legislative mechanism that the legislation in place are sufficient enough to tackle the menace. In this regard it is imperative to look and analyse the legislative mechanism in India aimed at the abolition of the system of Devadasi. Indian Constitutional and Legal Provisions relating to Womens Rights Indian Constitution contains several provisions relating to women and children. However equality and freedom has always been neglected in the name .of custom, honour, family welfare and social prestige. Equality that is guaranteed in the constitution of India is a dynamic one. While hoping for the ideal of equality, it does not recognise the realities of inequalities. Article 14 of the Constitution recognises equality before law for all citizens without any discrimination. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 15 (3) says about protective discrimination to women and children and Article 21 says about the protection of life and liberty to all. The Constitution also ensures protection against traffic in human beings and forced labour. Art 42 says about provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. The protection for women in the work place is given in factories Act 1948. It includes several welfare regulations and protective measures for women and children in working places, section 125 of criminal procedure code 1973 provides maintenance to women. Indian penal code Sections 509, 294 and 354 deals with Eve-teasing and sexual Harassment. The Indecent Representation Of women (protection) Act, 1986 for preventing the depiction of a woman in a manner which is derogating or denigrating to women, or which is likely to corrupt public morality through advertisement. Publications, writings, paintings, figures, or in any other manner. Indian Judiciary was also pro-active in guarding womens rights in general. In some of the leading cases such as In State of u.P. v. Boden Sundara Rao the Apex Court came down h eavily on the High Court of Andhra Pradesh for awarding grossly inadequate sentence in the following words: Crimes against women are c;m the rise. Imposition of grossly inadequate sentence and particularly against the mandate of the legislature not only is an injustice to .the victim of the crime in particular and the society as a whole in general, but also at times encourages a criminal. The courts must not only keep in view the rights of the criminal but also the rights of the victim of a crime and the society at large while considering importance of appropriate punishment. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan. The Vishaka, an Organization working for the welfare of the women, moved toSC when a social worker was gangraped in Rajasthan. While deciding the case the Supreme Court brought the international conventions in Indian Law. How they are trying to incorporate it is very well understood from the words. . Some Provisions in the CEDAW-Arts 11 and 24 as also general recommendations of CEDAW in this context-articles 11, 22, 23, 24 as ratified in the present context are of significant. According to the Supreme Court, Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome behaviour (whether directly or by implication) as: (i) physical contact or advances: (ii) a demand to request for sexual favours; (iii) sexllally co loured remarks; (iv) showing pornography; (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual behaviour. Though the Indian system is quite effective in protecting the Womens rights, it served limited purpose in protecting women who are Devadasis particularly from the Dalit community. Needless to say there were several legislations which prohibited this system and provided rehabilitation for the same.

Quantitative Methods to Research Intimacy

Quantitative Methods to Research Intimacy Jason Green Part 1 Question: Write a report on the usefulness of quantitative methods for describing intimacy, focusing  on the particular method of surveys. You should include the following: a definition of quantitative methods a description of surveys as a particular method consideration of the distinctive kinds of description that surveys generate examples of the usefulness of surveys for describing intimacy. Answer: Science begins with the question’s what is it I want to know, How is the best way that I can get to achieve results that are desired. However, this can only become science when the correct methodology has been chosen, Also that the matter of research can be justified There are also moral and ethical principles that can affect the type and structure or even methodology of the undertaken research. When looking at trying to describe the subject of intimacy many strands of information would need to be gathered, but the real question is which method should be used in the pursuit of the correct results. When trying to achieve any possible answer in ether social science or science as a whole. In our research there are many tools or ways or rather it could be better-said methods to obtain an answer. One method could possibly be used to achieve an answer. But to obtain a more valid and qualify able answer more than one method might be deemed to be used in the search for obtaining the required results that we might desire to gather. Then maybe it could be concluded that for us to get the best results that multi methodology should be applied to gain an unbiased factual conclusion to the research project that could actively be supported by the methods applied. The Quantitative methods could be said to be a more inhuman approach than other methods that might be used in research. The quantitative method is a more sterile clinical method and could be describe like a man standing in front of a window looking in. it has a detached approach. Rather than concerning itself with the data rather than the individual meanings and experience. This method is concerned with looking to identify any patterns, trends and relationships or any other required data from the ‘outside’, The Quantitative methods sets it site and looks at a wider band of the population. With this method, we are so much less concerned with the specifics of the individual’s meanings and experience’s, but it rather looks at the data as a whole and the individual becomes a statistic in the data that collated. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.68) The Quantitative methodology in general, is next to useless for answering questions that we may look at. It does not look at or is able to analyse the structures and maybe the processes that con and possibly will be observed in behaviour that in underlying Nevertheless, quantitative can be said to be invaluable where the bases of behaver could well said to be not understood. It is important to recognise that the quantitative tend to produce different descriptions of social phenomena, and can support different understandings of social processes. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.35) In research, one way that makes things really easier is by doing a survey. A survey is best described as short interview or talk. When we use the word survey, it can be unfortunately ambiguous or better said open to more than one interpretation. Therefore, it needs to be better defined. The term survey is mainly used to mean the collection of information. Someone wanting to ask you questions in the town centre may have stopped you. However, to say there is one definition of survey would not be very correct the first as you have read in the earlier paragraph, which is to collect information. A second definition is it is to collect data. It could be defined as a third, which is a specific type of survey research. They ways of collecting survey data are: Questionnaires– which are a series of written questions that are answer by the subject? This method is used to gain answers to questions that would require simple responses’ (agree/disagree/ no options). Then we have Interviews questions put forward to a subject to obtain information about him or her. This type of survey in more like a formal interview like you would have with your bank manager or maybe a new employer when looking for a job. Finally we have Surveys themselves– It might well seem be an error using survey as a description of survey but no it is not actually an error. A Survey is actually a specific type of survey. It is an interview with the researcher asking only a limited amount of questions to a subject. On the face of it, surveys may not seem well suited to the task of gathering data on matters that are sensitive and personal. However, conducted properly and with an understanding of the design and structure limitation and the way that it is implemented it is capable of just that. Has demonstrated, conducted properly and with an awareness of the limitations of survey design and implementation, they are capable of doing just that. With surveys on intimacy and to not just read anything into the data that is extracted from the surveys but rather to examine that data with a critical eye so that there is no error in the understanding of the data achieved. In addition, it remains one of the most powerful tools available to scientists and researchers to gain an understanding of social and scientific studies on intimacy. The Data, which surveys generate helps to shape our understanding of sexual behaviour and intamacy. It also has opened new avenues in research now and in the future (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.94) The usefulness of this can be seen looking at research carried out already by Kinsey and Natsal. They performed surveys in both informed public debates about sexuality and intimate life. Their intention was inform public debate about sexuality and intimacy in life. Their research and surveys had an unpredicted result in social science the helped reshaped the social world as it was understood. It made visible social phenomena as a scale of whole populations and as was learnt from this in research there are consequences. One of the major impacts if we return to Kinsley study’s again was that of making same sex gender visible as never before gay and lesbian couples instead of being hidden in innuendo and rumour now with this statistics the level of such could be seen as fact. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.89) Bibliography EditedbyMarkBanks andCliveBarnett. (2014) ‘TheUsesofSocialScience (DD206), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp.35-94 DVD ROM (2014), ‘TheUsesofSocialScience (DD206), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp.35-94

Essay --

Participation of hyperglycemia in triggering the multiple oxidative stress pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII: angiotensin II; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; Jac/STAT: janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MetS: metabolic syndrome; NF-ÃŽ ºb: nuclear transcription factor ÃŽ ºb; †¢NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; †¢O2−: superoxide anion radical; †¢OH: hydroxyl radical; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; PCKÃŽ ´: protein kinase C ÃŽ ´. Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large and small vessels as well as the myocardium[15] COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a result of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset... Essay -- Participation of hyperglycemia in triggering the multiple oxidative stress pathways in the course of diabetes. AngII: angiotensin II; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; Jac/STAT: janus kinase (Jac)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MetS: metabolic syndrome; NF-ÃŽ ºb: nuclear transcription factor ÃŽ ºb; †¢NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; †¢O2−: superoxide anion radical; †¢OH: hydroxyl radical; ONOO−: peroxynitrite; PCKÃŽ ´: protein kinase C ÃŽ ´. Adapted from Johansen et al., 2005 The increased oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes is therefore a magnitude of several abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia, each of which contributes to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in endothelial cells of large and small vessels as well as the myocardium[15] COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES Whether diabetes occurs as a result of type 1, the early-onset and predominantly insulin-dependent form, or type 2, the late-onset...

My Problem With Standards: Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish Classroom :: Learning Teaching Essays

My Problem With Standards: Implementing Group Work in the Non-Traditional Enlish Classroom This experience opened my eyes. I learned a lot, and my ideas and ideals have changed since I completed the first part of this project. As a student teacher in a vocational program, academics were not the priority of these studentsà ³their specialties and there outside jobs were. At first, I found this challenging in a negative way; but gradually, I saw possibilities. The biggest challenge that I saw as far as my inquiry project went lay in how I would implement all of the research that I had done on à ¬ how great group work is all around.à ® Mainly this was due to the fact that I approached this topic with a very idealistic, wide-ranging view. The first part of this project was very much a à ¬head knowledge/research approvedà ® paper. As I read over it now, I could not possibly have had a lot of hard ideas on how I could actually implement ità ³and even if I did, I doubt that would have profited me. As I entered my class eight weeks ago, I had all of those wonderful ideals of collaborative learning before meà ³it is what I wanted to see. But, as my grandmother always told me when I was little (and occasionally now), à ¬I want doesnà ­t get.à ® I see now that if all of my ideals had come easily to me in this experience, I wouldnà ­t have learned a thing, and I definitely wouldnà ­t have learned how to deal with the personality types and the needs of the students that I had. The class itself was within a non-hostile environment for the most part. The students were used to having too much autonomy, and thus my research statistic of à ¬70-90% teacher talk in most classroomsà ® was put out of touch. The problem consisted in not only the studentà ­s having control of the class, but the fact that they had plenty of oral language abilities, and there was no need for me to try and develop them. These seniors had been working on one assignment since the beginning of the year, and they were tired of looking at it. Having said that, 80% of the students only had three, pencil corrected pages to show for a yearà ­s worth of work. All of them were not responsive to correction. After my four weeks of observation, I was doubtful that these kids would do any learning, much less group learning, at all.

All Children Can Learn and Most at High Levels

One of the founding principles of the Kentucky Education Reform Act is the statement that â€Å"All children can learn and most at high levels. † With many states having a significant achievement gap between diverse students, it is becoming more important to hold high expectations for all students. I believe that all children can learn and most at high levels. But my point is that not all the children can learn at high levels in the same field. As we know the student is the subject of education. Education aims to develope students' learning potential. But children from different environments have differences in their physiology, intelligence, ability, aptitude, interest, personality traits and emotional development. Therefore some children may gain a great success in music while some others may in math. If we can educate them according to their personalities and individual needs, most children can learn at high levels. American educator John Dewey (John Dewey ,1859-1952) has pointed out that there are plasticity and dependency in the process of one’s growth. This means that the development of a child has unlimited possibilities. The ancient Chinese educator, the Confucius put forward the idea that â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and † Teach students in accordance with their aptitude. † This can be regarded as the practice of the concept that â€Å"every child can learn and most at high levels†. Therefore, whether ancient or modern, Western or Eastern, educators all hold the same concept. We want children to be able to learn and success, the key is the teacher. A professional, high-quality and enthusiastic teacher will be a good fortune to the children. This is why personal development is a necessity to teachers. During these years of teaching I met a lot of challenges to confirm the special needs of children and develope their learning confidence. I always try my best to help each child and encourage them. To teach a student well needs the effort of all parties including parents, teachers and communities. As a home class teacher, I combine all the parties well to improve students' learning capacities and help them to form clear awareness of themselves. If the children in my class can tap all of their potentials, that will be a great success to me as a teacher. Nowadays, the competition is very fierce. Teachers have the obligation to educate their students to be more competitive in certain area in the society. We don’t have the right to give up any of the children. Today, we have to give up the child. Tomorrow, the child may give up the society. Society will pay a higher price.

Knarles & Barkley Essay

There are several things that have gone wrong in the case we were given to examine. Knarles had left his 17-year-old son Barkley to look after the Maryland based facilities maintenance business while Knarles attended a convention in Hawaii. The exact scope of the duties to be performed in Knarles’ absence was not given to the reader. Knarles and Barkley’s company had a roster of satisfied clients who they maintained a working relationship without the benefit of a signed renewal contract. Knarles had a professional relationship with his clients for a number of years, an express contract would not be considered unusual under these circumstances. Part of the services Knarles and Barkley (referred to hereafter as K & B) provided was a paid replacement of outdated and broken equipment that were part of a building heating system as well as the cosmetic maintenance required. In addition to his other duties, Barkley was responsible for renewing an employee’s license, whi ch was a feature of the plumber’s employment contract. His failure to do so resulted in having an unlicensed plumber on staff, which can affect future dealings with clients that require plumbing services for their buildings. Although Barkley was instructed by Knarles to take care of the licensing and gain experience in this area of building maintenance operations, I blame the plumber for not looking after his own interest and putting something as valuable as having a working license be the responsibility of someone else. A sensible employee would have negotiated the renewal fee to be reimbursed upon receiving an updated license. The state of Maryland, K & B’s home state, offers online renewal of application, which does seem complicated or time consuming. 1 Even though the plumber was licensed out of the District of Columbia, the WSSC will reciprocate a plumber’s license from D.C, Maryland and Virginia. During Knarles’ absence, Barkley was approached by Ian Chetum owner of a business in Virginia, to perform the facili ties maintenance on his establishment. K&Bs’ service had clients in the DC/Maryland/Virginia area and therefore Barkley sent Ian a standard agreement to which Ian signed and sent the appropriate fee to begin to receive services. A contract creates an agency that was implied from facts and circumstances. In this case Barkley was operating the business with his father. The problem here that although Barkley was acting as an agent for the maintenance company he was seventeen years old and both â€Å"parties to a contract must be legally capable of  entering into a contract. A minor, a lunatic, or the principal of an agent, not authorized to act in such a capacity is not responsible for debts contracted, therefore none of them could be parties to a contract.†2 No doubt Barkley grew up in the industry and appeared to Chetum to be a reasonable person giving the impression that he was capable of offering and accepting the contract. â€Å"In some cases, if the minor had purposely misrepresented his or her age, the minor may not be permitted to avoid the contract.†3 Our scenario seems to imply that offer and acceptance (although under doubtful terms) was met. The buyer (Chetum) promised to purchase all products (in this case a mixed sale of goods and services) it requires from the seller (K & B) and fulfilled his financial obligation by sending in an initial payment. A short time after the contract was signed; Chetum contacts K & B regarding one of his properties without heat. Barkley who is still in charge of the operations sends over his lapsed license plumber to look into the situation. The plumber immediately finds a House Warmer Boiler that was recalled due to a carbon monoxide venting failure. â€Å"..a product maybe defectively designed if it is found that it fails to perform safely according to ordinary consumer expectations.†4 While House Warmer is guilty of a defect in either manufacture or design, they did discover the defect and followed proper procedure for notifying purchasers and users. We are not told what steps House Warmer followed from there; but it was obvious to a trained plumber that the item was not in operat ing condition. At this point, the issue of who sold the boiler comes into play. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 402A indicates that a seller is ultimately responsible for a defective condition. The Restatement (Third) of Torts loosely translates to that when the boiler was sold with the manufacturing defect the strict liability falls on House Warmer. â€Å"An important component of product liability is that there occurred a sale of the defective product. As set forth in the UCC (2-106(i), a sale is defined as the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price.† 5 The case study indicates that the boiler was purchased at a salvage yard. The salvage yard â€Å"..who engages in buying or selling used products is generally not susceptible to strict liability because the chain of distribution has been broken.†6 In addition to the boiler being recalled, the plumber notices that the boiler was improperly installed, adding another potential hazard released by the  boiler. â€Å"However, where the product was already in a defective s tate before it reached the hands of the assembler or installer, courts differ as to their imposition of strict liability. Liability may turn on their ability to detect the defect during the assembly or installation.†7 What we have been told about Chetum’s penny-pinching habits, he may have had a non-licensed operator install this boiler to save a few dollars. The plumber immediately notifies Barkley of the situation who in turn notifies Chetum, who does not want to pay for a new working boiler and tells Barkley to have his plumber fix it no matter what. Obviously the contract between Chetum and K & B does not have an exculpatory clause that would relieve K & B from the continuation of negligence (carbon monoxide exposure in an apartment building). Barkley is showing his inexperience in this matter and could have easily sited UCC 2 – Sale of Services, claiming this situation is â€Å"†¦so one sided and detrimental to the interest of one of the parties that it operates to render the contract unenforceable.†8 The interest in this case refers to the excellent service K & B ha ve offered their clients over the years. Barkely, operating on the theory that the customer is always right, tells the plumber to continue to fix the boiler since that’s what the customer wants at this point in time. Barkley and the plumber (acting as his agent) are as guilty (negligent) of exposing those people to carbon monoxide poisoning as Chetum is. Even though Barkley is a minor, and isn’t well versed in every aspect of the maintenance building field, he should have trusted his plumber’s opinion and not ordered the plumber to complete the job. Barkley, acting as an agent to K& B and not standing behind his plumber’s opinion and ordering the plumber to put in a defective item, has put the company in a precarious position. A toxic tort is a tort caused by an individual’s contact with a toxic substance, which due to Chetum’s order and Barkley and his agent, the plumber are all responsible for continuing to expose the tenants to. Our poor plumber, following orders has repaired the boiler so it can continue for the rest of the winter, given to him by an underage boss. Nothing is indicated what the plumber had completed a work order form. A completion of work certificate would have a portion of the plumber’s opinion written down, claiming that the client was notified of the defective recalled boiler and completed the job to client’s wishes against his professional opinion. A completion certificate, â€Å"†¦is often relied on to  counter arguments raised later that, in fact, the job was not finished as promised or that the consumer was not satisfied with the work performed..†9 A signed completion of work certificate, although will not get K & B off the negligence charge, would possibly help a case further down the road, should Chetum claim he never knew about the condition of the boiler. At this point, I need to add my own diversity of citizenship issue to this case. I am not aware of the lease violation that occurred in this Virginia apartment complex, but in New Jersey, all leased apartments must have a carbon monoxide detector in them. The tenant is not allowed to remove the batteries unl ess to replace the batteries, but not allowed to disengage the working alarm, this is to allow the tenants to know that they are being exposed to a serious invisible chemical and seek not only medical attention but I am responsible for remedying the situation. I am not sure what Virginia’s position is on notifying tenants when a leak has been found, but I’m sure that they would consider the three parties (Chetum, K&B, and the plumber) all negligent. Knarles returns from Hawaii and at a business luncheon discussed with colleagues finds out about the Chetum incident that was reported in the local paper. Knarles and his colleagues Knarles makes a slanderous comment about Chetum during the luncheon, which is followed by other colleagues coming up with similar comments. Unfortunately, as this case begins to unravel, a seemingly immature comment may â€Å"†¦tend to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community, or deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.†10 Knarles’ colleague Joe Stucko made a vapid comment that he could not validate about a HVAC system but shed some light on Chetum’s overall business dealings. After leaving the luncheon Barkley informs Knarles about the contract and the boiler. Knarles contacts Chetum tells him he wants to void the contract and refunds the initial payment minus work done by the plumber. Chetum at this point sues K& B; therefore mutual rescission was not met. Breaking the contract involves several issues in this case. As previously mentioned the contract was negotiated with an underage minor, who we are not sure if he had contractual powers while his father was away, could be one way to legally dissolve the contract. Chetum may claim that he was duped into believing the contract was valid since the external appearance of Barkley led him to believe that Barkley was a legitimate agent for the firm. Second,  the fact that Chetum, K & B, and the plumber are all negligent of carbon monoxide poisoning and that K & B wants to distance themselves from Chetum, might be a reason for breaking the contract, it should be noted that parties to an illegal contract (keeping the flow of carbon monoxide going in the apartment complex) are responsible for their actions and their actions during the contract may have no standing in court. Not having complete knowledge of Virginia’s public policy on carbon monoxide exposure in apartment complexes, a b reach of ethics is a concern. K & B’s actions, with the boiler repair/carbon monoxide poisoning, will no doubt hurt their fine reputation in the region for providing building maintenance that Knarles’ worked years to attain. It is possible that K & B may feel that continuing to service Chetum may require them to perform a future illegal act and they feel uncomfortable about doing future business with them based on the recent events. The last in the series of arguments on valid reasons K & B could present for breaking the contract is that Chetum prevented them from fulfilling their end of the bargain, which is to provide safe and reliable maintenance service. There are several courses of remedy that the courts may decide upon. If the courts decide to honor the contract then they have the option of choosing specific performance, if this is the case it would be based on the unique benefit Chetum receives and K & B need to fulfill the contract until it expires, however, it is doubtful that the courts wa nt to be involved in monitoring the decisions made by K & B and Chetum, given the original situation. A form of reformation, where perhaps it could be negotiated that K & B performs cosmetic maintenance on the properties and not handles the commercial maintenance. It is doubtful based on the personalities and the situation involved that either mediation or arbitration would conclude the problem. Some form of compensatory damages may have to be paid by K & B to have another service maintain the buildings until Chetum finds another service that would fulfill his requirements. Monetary damages based on the position breaking the contract put Chetum in might be considered. Naturally attorney fees will have to be paid until this situation is resolved if this was in the original contract.

Humans and machines Essay

The interesting feature about discussing the interactions of humans and machines is the inadequacy of language describing these interactions or the ambiguity of the connections between humans and machines. What is really at the center of the debate is how society should view the place of machines or non-human elements within human society. In addition, the application of the technological use of non-human elements in the modern machinery of war exposes the problem of how humans have changed the practice of warfare starting in WWI and how it made war evolve from a â€Å"human† experience to an â€Å"inhuman† experience instead of a â€Å"non-human† experience. The scope of this paper is to analyze the relationships of humans and machines in general as well as in the context of war. Discussion What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be non-human? According to Casper, the human identity is not a natural state of â€Å"being†, rather it is a constructed identity in relation to the context that society gives it. (Casper, 1994) In fact, the recognition of human social identity and the positions or functions attached to it are based on our interpretation of where these elements should be placed, for example, in order to understand or define something, we place it in ‘mental boxes’ that simplify our recognition of identity and function within society. However, Casper argues that we cannot fully justify why we assign human identities to non-human elements or vice-versa. (Casper, 1994) In order to illustrate the lack of consistency as to what we call human or non-human, she uses the example of the fetus that is considered alive for surgery, â€Å"a potential human† with human qualities but also a non-human agent for medical research using fetal tissue (p. 843). Casper mentions The Actor Network Agency (ANT) movement who finds that we should do away with natural/technical and social/cultural labels, which confuses our notions of what is human and what is not. However, this â€Å"analytical symmetry† treatment forgets to explain how we interpret the identities of agents and assign labels. Understanding how and why we label humans and non-humans may help diffuse the confusion over agent identities that bother sociologists and society so much since they cannot seem to make sense of it, for example, some people talk to their car like it was a person but a car is not a person but why do some people have the need to anthropomorphize their car whereas they would call their dog â€Å"it†? Some people would insist that animals are living beings therefore that they deserve to be referred to as he or she. (Casper, 1994) Another example in our technological society is the factory worker who gets laid off and replaced by a robot. The worker knows that he or she is better than a robot. Yet, the robot does his or her job consistently, faster, and without breaks. So, is the worker a sophisticated robot or is the robot a sophisticated worker? Bruno Latour would agree on that ambiguity because of our inadequate handling of situations in which non-human entities are mixed with human agents, especially from the perspective of sociologists. (Latour, 1988) Latour deals with this debate skillfully using an illustration to make his points: the door in a wall, opening and closing thanks to hinges (non-human element) and a human door keeper who has been assigned to close the door each time it is opened. He argues that ‘the hinge always does its work’, precise and consistent while at some time, the human doorkeeper may falter. So, the door keeper could be replaced by a non-human element the ‘door keeper number 2’ to prevent the faltering. The fact that we call the non-human element the door keeper even though it is not human, shows that we do not have ascribed what Latour calls â€Å"a coherent vocabulary† to distinguish humans from non-humans. Thus, his conclusion (p. 310) is that the reason why we have not done that is because â€Å"the delegation of competences and our social interactions imply the participation of non-humans. † The confusion is that non-humans exist within a context of figurative/non-figurative speech, not a human/non-human context. In essence, that is why we anthropomorphize our car. (Latour, 1988) Consequently, it seems that our lives are intimately intertwined with the use of technology, machines, and other tools, including robots as well as computers that all are non-human agents indispensable to our way of life. In fact, one particular illustration of such a reasonable conclusion can be found with computer hackers who, for the most part, are not considered part of ‘normal functioning society. ’ Sherry Turckle investigated MIT A. I. lab students who also are considered hackers. The main recurring idea among these students (almost exclusively male) is the fear of social interactions with other people due to a lack of trust or understanding of social interactions. Hackers are known to be loners and self-admittedly feel in control of their computer and its actions. In fact, on p. 212, this one student states: â€Å"computers have become an extension of my mind. † (Turckle, ) Their self-esteem, their existence become defined only through their medium, resulting in a gradual elimination of life experiences that paralyze them, adding to their needs to mask their personal fears of the world that exists beyond their machine. (p. 208) In contrast, there are people who even today cannot use a computer because they are afraid of revealing to others their lack of computer knowledge that has become essential in our modern society. Some may get help to improve their computer skills whereas others become so angry with the machine, taking their anger, originating from their own lack of confidence in learning new things, onto this ‘stupid’ machine; some may even become technophobic. Unfortunately for our society, science and technology have been used for warfare. Historically, wars always needed improvement in their methods of killing. As a consequence, the development of technology became a part of warfare while its propaganda glorified science and technology as the agents of victory. (Virillio, 1988) (Delanda, ) This became especially true as scientific knowledge evolved in physics, engineering, and chemistry. When WWI broke out in 1914, the weapons available then were the first of their kinds, the most inhuman of their kinds, killing many soldiers remotely: either gassing soldiers with the deadly gas phosgene or using machine guns or canons with an extended range to kill as many enemy soldiers as possible. (Visvanathan, ) In WWII, planes, tanks, and ships became more and more sophisticated with technological advances like radar and sonar. The advent of using nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki horrified the scientists who naively believed that their work would be used to deter, not to destroy. (Kaempffert, 1941) â€Å"Fat Man† and â€Å"Little Boy† were dropped on these two Japanese cities; ironically, these two deadly bombs were named as if they were human themselves. To the Japanese, the nuclear catastrophe and its aftermath on the population promoted the creation of the character â€Å"Godzilla†, a pre-historic mutant monster. With the Cold War, more weapons gradually became stealth weapons instead of ‘front’ weapons. Nowadays, machines have turned into non-human extensions of their makers or rather their military masters, for example, long-range surveying equipment on satellites allowing spying activities on neighboring nations. Yet, is it appropriate to say ‘non-human’ when modern weapons like continental missiles can kill so horribly and from the comfort of a military base on the other side of the world? The military is relying on technology more than ever by using computers, artificial intelligence research, simulation modules that mimic a battlefield or even war video games whose graphics have been rendered so life-like that video gamers who are soldiers may not know reality from fiction, killing enemy soldiers without any care, as if they were video game characters, non-human or human? In conclusion, the relationship between human and non-human agents is complex but not impossible to characterize if the realization is made that non-human agents are part of our environment and society. In fact, they occupy a greater place today than 10 years ago (computer technology, for example). The key to their seamless integration in our society is the figure/non-figurative reference style proposed by Latour as it is already used unconsciously by many of us. References Casper, M. (1994).Reframing and grounding non-human agency: what makes a fetus an agent? The American Behavioral Scientist, 37(6): 839-856. Delanda, Latour, B. (1988). Mixing humans and non-humans together: the sociology of a door-closer. Social Problems, 35(3): 298-310. Kaempffert, W. (1941). War and Technology. The American Journal of Sociology, 46(4): 431-444. Turckle, S. (n. d. ) The new computer cultures: the mechanization of the mind. Book? , publisher, year? Virillio, P. (1988). War and Cinema. Visvanathan.

Definition Of Friendship Example Essay Essay

Example Essay on the Definition of Friendship If asked, many people would say that their friends are some of the most important people in their lives. However, sometimes it is hard to recognize the value of a friend and see exactly how much they do for us and make our lives better. Charles Caleb Colton once said, â€Å"True friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it is lost.† Colton points out the high value of a good friend, but more importantly he suggests that friendship itself is ambiguous and hard to define: something that can be taken for granted and go unnoticed until it is gone. If you asked those same people to define their friendships, you would probably receive a wide variety of answers, with some common threads. For most people, friends are people who know you inside and out, can tell you things that you cannot tell yourself, and most importantly, they support and care for you even in the roughest times of your life. True friends are those people from whom you never want to be apart, who know you so well that they can practically read your thoughts. Growing up, there was a girl named Anita who lived a couple streets down from me, and we had that kind of friendship. We could spend the entire day together, talking, playing softball, and simply enjoying hanging out with each other. After such a full day, we could then go home and call each other, because we still  had more to say. We told each other our deepest, darkest secrets, and it was okay, because we understood each other. True friendship simply cannot last without building this type of affection and trust. However, friendship is not always so bright and happy. Sometimes, the most important thing that a friend can do for you is to make you see things that you don’t want to see, even if it means risking your anger. For example, in the movie The Wedding Singer, Adam Sandler’s character, Robbie Hart becomes a good friend to a waitress, Julia, helping her to plan her wedding. However, when Robbie finds out that Julia’s fiancà © is a creep who is cheating on her, he decides that he needs to tell her and stop her from making a really poor life decision. Even though he knows that Julia will be extremely hurt by this knowledge, Robbie knows that she will be much better off by knowing the truth. Robbie is an example of a great friend because he refused to let her make such a bad decision, even if it meant risking his own friendship with her. While taking a stand and refusing to let you make decisions is indeed an important part of being a good friend, friendship isn’t always quite so dramatic. Simply by being there, caring and supporting you no matter what, friends can show you just how important you are to them. My friend, Sharon, showed me the depth of our friendship when she refused to let me push her away. When I was a freshman in high school, my grandfather became very ill with cancer and died in January. It was an extremely hard time in my life, and rather than deal with the pain, I began shutting down, not talking to any one. I lost a lot of friends that year, but Sharon refused to leave. She would come over to my house everyday simply to listen when I felt like talking and to give me a hug when I didn’t. On the night that my grandfather died, I called Sharon, weeping uncontrollably, and asked her to talk to me about anything so that I could take my mind off of the situation. I am not sure that I would have made it through my grandfather’s death without the love and support that I received from my friend Sharon. Beautiful, dangerous, and heart-wrenching, friendship is not something that can be easily defined. It is something that must be seen, lived, and  experienced.. Poets can write about it, musicians and sing about it, but until you make a true friend, and become one in return, the definition of friendship will always be a bit slippery and hard to hold onto. From my experience, this much I know is true: friends are those people who love you for who you are, and who you want to be. They know your deepest secrets and understand because they have the same secrets. They are not afraid to tell you the truth when you really need to hear it, and most importantly, they will always be there for you. Albert Schweitzer once said â€Å"Sometimes our light goes out but is blown into flame by another human being. Each of us owes deepest thanks to those who have rekindled this light.† So, to my friends who have rekindled my light, I thank you. Example Essay Questions: These questions will help you to look for the things that make essays really excellent. Read the essay on the backside of this sheet and then do the following things: (1) Circle the attention grabber. (2) Find and highlight the thesis. (3) Find and highlight topic sentence of each support paragraph. (4) Find and highlight the concluding sentence of each support paragraph. (5) List the main idea of each support paragraph. Support paragraph 1 – Support paragraph 2 – Support paragraph 3 – (6) Underline the transition between each of the support paragraphs. (It may be the same as the as the topic sentence or it may come before the topic sentence.) (7) Looking at how the author transitions from one body paragraph to the  next, explain why he or she organized his or her ideas in this order. In other words, how does the main idea of each support paragraph lead to or relate to the main idea of the next paragraph? (8) Circle transition words within paragraphs. (9) Circle the essay’s concluding thought. Is it a quote, thought provoking question, or dramatic statement? (10) What is one specific thing about this essay that you want to try in your own writing? Use examples. (Do NOT just say: â€Å"I like the attention grabber!† Instead, say, â€Å"I like how the author uses marriage vows as an attention grabber because everyone is familiar with marriage vows and readers will be intrigued to find out how the essay will relate marriage and loyalty. It also connects to the third support paragraph!)

A Response Paper On Christopher Steiner’s

Christopher Steiner’s article entitled ‘Authenticity, Repetition, and the Aesthetics of Seriality’ talks about the ‘mechanical reproduction of art’ at the height of technological improvement and technical production nowadays.He discusses Walter Benjamin’s essay entitled ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’ in the issue that: first, mechanical reproduction is not just a new form of technical production but engenders â€Å"an entirely new philosophy of production in which the work of art is emancipated† (Steiner 88); and second, that the mechanical reproduction and consumption of art makes the object more accessible to wider population (88).His argument, therefore, is that â€Å"to justify the authenticity of tourist art one must begin from an entirely different starting point† (89), since tourist art should be viewed as a culturally valid, authentic art.   He argues that mass-produced art carries a n authenticity, which it shares with other mass-produced objects in the industry.What I argue, however, is that mechanical reproduction of art does not carry anymore the authenticity and validity of what a true art should be—that it should be an expression of views, beliefs, and culture of an individual or a number of individuals.   Objects that undergo mass production are merely ‘reproductions’ of the original item.   The true ‘art’ is in its originality.This means that, although the reproduced object is an exact image of the original object, it is merely a mimic and is not an expression of the self.   When it comes to being culturally valid, however, I agree that objects that undergo mass production are, indeed, culturally valid, since it reveals a certain aspect of culture that, though reproduced again and again, still holds the originality and the individuality that the culture and the people reflect.Art is like what a human being is: it is a reflection of culture and society, yet it cannot be an exact replication of the other—for there is none like it.   Mass-produced objects of art contain authenticity and validity in terms of culture art, but not as an individual art.Works CitedSteiner, Christopher.   â€Å"Authenticity, Repetition, and the Aesthetics of Seriality: The Work of Tourist Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.†Ã‚   [name of book].   Ed. [name of editor].   Place: publisher, year.   87-103.